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What is cash-on-cash return in property investment?
Cash-on-cash return (CoC) is a real estate investment metric that measures the annual pre-tax cash flow generated by a property relative to the actual cash invested by the investor. Unlike cap rate, it accounts for financing costs and reflects real-world returns on leveraged investments.
Why Cash-on-Cash Return Matters
- Shows real return on your actual capital outlay
- Accounts for the cost of borrowed money
- Directly comparable to FD, stock dividend, or bond returns
- Helps evaluate whether leveraged real estate beats alternative investments
Cash-on-cash return is arguably the most practical metric for leveraged real estate investors as it shows exactly what you earn on your personal investment. Combined with cap rate and IRR, it forms a powerful trio of metrics for evaluating any income-producing property.
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Technology and Innovation
Evolution of Customer Relationship Management tools
‘‘The purpose of a business is to create and keep a customer’’, Peter Drucker, a famous writer, and management consultant said prolifically. The realm of CRM scope covers customer discovery, interactions, service, care, retention, and loyalty. The term Customer Relationship Management (CRM) was coined in the early 1970s when management at business units realized it would be better to be customer emphatic rather than product emphatic. Customer relationship management tools has evolved gradually from Rolodex’s of 1950s to Generative AI in 2020. What started as a record-keeping tool gradually evolved into digital documentation, sales automation, enterprise resource planning, social marketing, to the present age hyper personalised automated communication form. 1956 - First CRM Gadget - Rolodex In 1956s, Danish engineer Hildaur Neilsen, chief engineer of Zephyr American invented Rolodex, a card index system used to store customer contact information. It was a desk gadget that stacked and stored business cards and index cards that people could spin and flip through. Digital Rolodex, Tele sales and advent of computers The 1980s saw an evolution in sales, marketing and customer retention tactics with the advent of digitisation. Tools such as direct mail, brochures, and product catalogues being sent to a database of customers to get them to buy something were prevalently used in the 1980s. Database marketing and digital Rolodex came to the fore. The late 1980s saw the advent of telesales for customer communication. Computers were also accessible for enterprises and became a means of storing information about customers. In 1987, the software programme ACT (Activity Control Technology) was created by Mike Sullivan and Mitch Muhney, officially known as the first CRM software. This was essentially a digital Rolodex that allowed storage and management of the entire customer lifecycle information on the software. With its usage of Customer Relationship Management software, Act! demonstrated the advantages of scalable software that utilized consumer information to help a firm better manage its connections. 1990 - Sales Automation and progression into CRM systems By 1990s, one saw a progression of database management into customer lifecycle management and sales force workflow automation. Tools like enterprise resource planning, and marketing were added to the software’s contact management functions. This was the emergence first CRM systems. Tom Siebel, founder of Sieble Systems, coined the term CRM (Customer Relationship Software) for the first time. The post-introduction of the same CRM took off exponentially, with other companies also providing CRM solutions. Siebel Systems was later acquired by Oracle for over USD 5 billion in 2005. Late 1900s - First Mobile CRM, SaaS business model and Salesforce Inc. Post invention of PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) devices, tasks, emails, and calendar management became mobile. It allowed sales individuals to access customer data from central databases on the go, which proved to be a game changer as one didn’t have to be on the desk to work out these tasks. Salesforce.com was launched in 1999 and offered a new business model, offering software services as subscriptions (SaaS), wherein the upfront implementation cost, effort, and maintenance would be taken care of by Salesforce. 2000 - Cloud based CRM, Open-Source CRM and Social CRM In 2007, internet boom and cloud storage led to the advent and proliferation of Cloud-based CRM. With the increased internet adoption, Salesforce’s subscription model became popular as it could be scaled up very quickly. Open-source software also came to the fore, with the most prominent one being Sugar CRM, invented by computer scientists and ex-IBM and Hewlett-Packard employees Clint Oram, John Roberts, and Jacob Taylor. With the increased proliferation, and exponential growth of social media platforms, CRMs were combined with social media tools to offer SCRM. 2010 - Artificial Intelligence and CRM Artificial intelligence (AI) has changed the CRM space substantially with automation and intelligence. AI can be used for lead scoring, identifying customer needs, and providing recommendations. With enormous data being generated across every consumer by way of their digital footprint, CRM with AI and data analytics makes it simple to extrapolate consumer behaviour and requirements in real-time. 2020 and Now - Generative AI Generative AI is a subset of AI but unique in its ability to learn from underlying patterns to create new data that mirrors the training data set. The power of creation has a multifold impact across industries, and consumer communication is only to benefit from this capability. Managing customer interactions with Gen AI has the potential to enable a better connection between brands and customers. This however requires creative ability to engage customers and ability to execute to deliver better performance results and employee experiences. A combination of Gen AI and CRM can impact functional domains of marketing, sales, commerce, service and customer success. The true potential of Gen AI can be unlocked best when used in combination with predictive AI, voice to text, experience management and workflow optimisation. The CRM journey has reached an interesting point with AI, and the future looks promising for this space. The Total Addressable Market is set to grow to USD 290 billion by 2026. Salesforce Inc, an early mover, and a global market leader grew 10x in revenue in a decade. In 2013, its revenue stood at USD 3.1 billion which stands at USD 34 billion in FY 2022. CRM, which started as a simple Rolodex, has evolved into a complex system laced with artificial intelligence that helps organisations manage customer data and engage them with it in a self-assisted automated format, bringing huge implications for cost, efficiency, and the experience of consumer communication. As we advance further into the coming decades, CRM software systems will become more intelligent, integrated and intuitive with powerful AI capabilities, greater emphasis on self-service, enhanced experience for customers, hyper-personalisation, integrated API networks and ecosystems, and a single source of truth for businesses. Peter Drucker will be smiling in his grave looking at the advancement in this space.
PropTech Pulse Editorial
12th April 2024
Interior Design Service
Interior Design Guide 2025 India: Ideas, Costs, and Design Insights
What Is Interior Design? A Complete Guide for 2025 What Is Interior Design? A Complete Guide for 2025 Excerpt: From defining what interior design really means to estimating costs and exploring trending styles, this guide answers your biggest questions. What Is It All About? Interior design is not just pretty décor. It’s the art and science of organizing, beautifying, and structuring interiors so they serve your lifestyle. Every decision - wall colours, lighting, furniture layout - impacts how you live, move, and feel in your space. In India’s evolving urban settings, with compact homes and shared living, interior design becomes an essential tool to reconcile tradition with modern living - from Vastu principles to minimal aesthetics. Who Is an Interior Designer? An interior designer is more than a decorator. They combine creative vision with technical expertise: They’re trained in design or architecture They understand structural constraints, building codes, and spatial planning They coordinate with contractors, suppliers, and artisans They translate client needs into functional, beautiful spaces Unlike enthusiastic friends with “good taste,” professional designers deliver holistic solutions, manage timelines, and anticipate problems you might not see. Popular Interior Design Styles in Indian Homes Here are some of the leading styles Indians are embracing - along with tips for making them work in your space: Style Key Characteristics Styling Tips Indian Traditional Bold colours, woodwork, artisanal crafts Use carved furniture, rich hues, folk art Minimalism Clean lines, minimal clutter, neutral palette Hide storage, use accent colours sparingly Contemporary Light-filled, neutral base with texture & accents Combine materials like stone, metal, wood Bohemian Eclectic pattern mix, low seating, layered textiles Layer cultures & textures, lean into boldness Scandinavian Bright, functional, lightweight Use natural materials, focus on light Mid-Century Modern Organic forms, functional designs, iconic pieces Mix wood (teak, oak) and metal thoughtfully Transitional Balanced blend of classic + modern Use clean lines and subtle decorative details Eclectic Mix of styles with a common thread Let collected items shine, emphasize cohesion Art Deco Geometric patterns, luxury materials, bold statements Use arches, sunbursts, rich textures Industrial Exposed materials, raw finishes, neutral palette Use brick, steel beams, unfinished walls How Much Does Interior Design Cost in India in 2025? Interior design cost in India depends on your city, home size, scope of work, and material choices. Generally, a full interior project can range between ₹6,00,000 to ₹30,00,000+, depending on scale and customization. These figures are indicative; always seek a custom quote. Should You Hire an Interior Designer? Avoid costly mistakes through professional expertise Save time and stress with managed execution Ensure quality, consistency, and accountability If your renovation is extensive, hiring a designer often leads to better results and fewer regrets. Livspace’s Design Process (Overview) Consultation & briefing Site survey & measurement Conceptual designs & renders Material selection & approvals Execution, supervision & quality checks Final handover & walkthrough How to Prepare for Your First Meeting with a Designer Bring your floor plan and room dimensions Create a scope document Share your budget range Communicate style preferences and inspirations Interior Design vs Interior Decoration Interior Design: Structural and functional planning including space planning, lighting, and layout. Interior Decoration: Visual styling such as furniture, fabrics, and surface finishes. In simple terms, designers build the bones while decorators dress the body. The 7 Elements of Interior Design Space – Filled and empty areas Line – Horizontal, vertical, and dynamic lines Form – Three-dimensional shapes Light – Natural and artificial lighting Colour – Hue, contrast, and saturation Pattern – Rhythm and repetition Texture – Surface feel of materials The 5 Key Concepts of Interior Design Balance – Symmetrical or asymmetrical equilibrium Harmony – Visual unity Focal Point – A standout design element Rhythm – Visual movement Scale and Proportion – Proper sizing of elements The Golden Rules of Interior Design 60-30-10 colour rule Form follows function Budget-Friendly Design Ideas for Indian Homes Fresh paint or accent walls Indoor plants and creative lighting Repurposed furniture and décor Invest in durable, high-impact pieces Blending Vastu Shastra and Modern Design Orient entrances toward north or east Place kitchens in the southeast Use natural materials and daylight Avoid mirrors facing beds Interior Design Trends in India for 2025 Biophilic design Earthy colour palettes Smart home integration Curved furniture forms Bold patterns and maximalism Flexible home offices Vintage and modern combinations How Livspace Helps You Realize Your Dream Home Curated designs and 3D visualizations Experience across 75,000+ home projects Access to premium materials Structured process for timelines and quality
PropTech Pulse Editorial
7th January 2026
Technology and Innovation
Evolution of Customer Relationship Management tools
‘‘The purpose of a business is to create and keep a customer’’, Peter Drucker, a famous writer, and management consultant said prolifically. The realm of CRM scope covers customer discovery, interactions, service, care, retention, and loyalty. The term Customer Relationship Management (CRM) was coined in the early 1970s when management at business units realized it would be better to be customer emphatic rather than product emphatic. Customer relationship management tools has evolved gradually from Rolodex’s of 1950s to Generative AI in 2020. What started as a record-keeping tool gradually evolved into digital documentation, sales automation, enterprise resource planning, social marketing, to the present age hyper personalised automated communication form. 1956 - First CRM Gadget - Rolodex In 1956s, Danish engineer Hildaur Neilsen, chief engineer of Zephyr American invented Rolodex, a card index system used to store customer contact information. It was a desk gadget that stacked and stored business cards and index cards that people could spin and flip through. Digital Rolodex, Tele sales and advent of computers The 1980s saw an evolution in sales, marketing and customer retention tactics with the advent of digitisation. Tools such as direct mail, brochures, and product catalogues being sent to a database of customers to get them to buy something were prevalently used in the 1980s. Database marketing and digital Rolodex came to the fore. The late 1980s saw the advent of telesales for customer communication. Computers were also accessible for enterprises and became a means of storing information about customers. In 1987, the software programme ACT (Activity Control Technology) was created by Mike Sullivan and Mitch Muhney, officially known as the first CRM software. This was essentially a digital Rolodex that allowed storage and management of the entire customer lifecycle information on the software. With its usage of Customer Relationship Management software, Act! demonstrated the advantages of scalable software that utilized consumer information to help a firm better manage its connections. 1990 - Sales Automation and progression into CRM systems By 1990s, one saw a progression of database management into customer lifecycle management and sales force workflow automation. Tools like enterprise resource planning, and marketing were added to the software’s contact management functions. This was the emergence first CRM systems. Tom Siebel, founder of Sieble Systems, coined the term CRM (Customer Relationship Software) for the first time. The post-introduction of the same CRM took off exponentially, with other companies also providing CRM solutions. Siebel Systems was later acquired by Oracle for over USD 5 billion in 2005. Late 1900s - First Mobile CRM, SaaS business model and Salesforce Inc. Post invention of PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) devices, tasks, emails, and calendar management became mobile. It allowed sales individuals to access customer data from central databases on the go, which proved to be a game changer as one didn’t have to be on the desk to work out these tasks. Salesforce.com was launched in 1999 and offered a new business model, offering software services as subscriptions (SaaS), wherein the upfront implementation cost, effort, and maintenance would be taken care of by Salesforce. 2000 - Cloud based CRM, Open-Source CRM and Social CRM In 2007, internet boom and cloud storage led to the advent and proliferation of Cloud-based CRM. With the increased internet adoption, Salesforce’s subscription model became popular as it could be scaled up very quickly. Open-source software also came to the fore, with the most prominent one being Sugar CRM, invented by computer scientists and ex-IBM and Hewlett-Packard employees Clint Oram, John Roberts, and Jacob Taylor. With the increased proliferation, and exponential growth of social media platforms, CRMs were combined with social media tools to offer SCRM. 2010 - Artificial Intelligence and CRM Artificial intelligence (AI) has changed the CRM space substantially with automation and intelligence. AI can be used for lead scoring, identifying customer needs, and providing recommendations. With enormous data being generated across every consumer by way of their digital footprint, CRM with AI and data analytics makes it simple to extrapolate consumer behaviour and requirements in real-time. 2020 and Now - Generative AI Generative AI is a subset of AI but unique in its ability to learn from underlying patterns to create new data that mirrors the training data set. The power of creation has a multifold impact across industries, and consumer communication is only to benefit from this capability. Managing customer interactions with Gen AI has the potential to enable a better connection between brands and customers. This however requires creative ability to engage customers and ability to execute to deliver better performance results and employee experiences. A combination of Gen AI and CRM can impact functional domains of marketing, sales, commerce, service and customer success. The true potential of Gen AI can be unlocked best when used in combination with predictive AI, voice to text, experience management and workflow optimisation. The CRM journey has reached an interesting point with AI, and the future looks promising for this space. The Total Addressable Market is set to grow to USD 290 billion by 2026. Salesforce Inc, an early mover, and a global market leader grew 10x in revenue in a decade. In 2013, its revenue stood at USD 3.1 billion which stands at USD 34 billion in FY 2022. CRM, which started as a simple Rolodex, has evolved into a complex system laced with artificial intelligence that helps organisations manage customer data and engage them with it in a self-assisted automated format, bringing huge implications for cost, efficiency, and the experience of consumer communication. As we advance further into the coming decades, CRM software systems will become more intelligent, integrated and intuitive with powerful AI capabilities, greater emphasis on self-service, enhanced experience for customers, hyper-personalisation, integrated API networks and ecosystems, and a single source of truth for businesses. Peter Drucker will be smiling in his grave looking at the advancement in this space.
PropTech Pulse Editorial
12th April 2024
Interior Design Service
Interior Design Guide 2025 India: Ideas, Costs, and Design Insights
What Is Interior Design? A Complete Guide for 2025 What Is Interior Design? A Complete Guide for 2025 Excerpt: From defining what interior design really means to estimating costs and exploring trending styles, this guide answers your biggest questions. What Is It All About? Interior design is not just pretty décor. It’s the art and science of organizing, beautifying, and structuring interiors so they serve your lifestyle. Every decision - wall colours, lighting, furniture layout - impacts how you live, move, and feel in your space. In India’s evolving urban settings, with compact homes and shared living, interior design becomes an essential tool to reconcile tradition with modern living - from Vastu principles to minimal aesthetics. Who Is an Interior Designer? An interior designer is more than a decorator. They combine creative vision with technical expertise: They’re trained in design or architecture They understand structural constraints, building codes, and spatial planning They coordinate with contractors, suppliers, and artisans They translate client needs into functional, beautiful spaces Unlike enthusiastic friends with “good taste,” professional designers deliver holistic solutions, manage timelines, and anticipate problems you might not see. Popular Interior Design Styles in Indian Homes Here are some of the leading styles Indians are embracing - along with tips for making them work in your space: Style Key Characteristics Styling Tips Indian Traditional Bold colours, woodwork, artisanal crafts Use carved furniture, rich hues, folk art Minimalism Clean lines, minimal clutter, neutral palette Hide storage, use accent colours sparingly Contemporary Light-filled, neutral base with texture & accents Combine materials like stone, metal, wood Bohemian Eclectic pattern mix, low seating, layered textiles Layer cultures & textures, lean into boldness Scandinavian Bright, functional, lightweight Use natural materials, focus on light Mid-Century Modern Organic forms, functional designs, iconic pieces Mix wood (teak, oak) and metal thoughtfully Transitional Balanced blend of classic + modern Use clean lines and subtle decorative details Eclectic Mix of styles with a common thread Let collected items shine, emphasize cohesion Art Deco Geometric patterns, luxury materials, bold statements Use arches, sunbursts, rich textures Industrial Exposed materials, raw finishes, neutral palette Use brick, steel beams, unfinished walls How Much Does Interior Design Cost in India in 2025? Interior design cost in India depends on your city, home size, scope of work, and material choices. Generally, a full interior project can range between ₹6,00,000 to ₹30,00,000+, depending on scale and customization. These figures are indicative; always seek a custom quote. Should You Hire an Interior Designer? Avoid costly mistakes through professional expertise Save time and stress with managed execution Ensure quality, consistency, and accountability If your renovation is extensive, hiring a designer often leads to better results and fewer regrets. Livspace’s Design Process (Overview) Consultation & briefing Site survey & measurement Conceptual designs & renders Material selection & approvals Execution, supervision & quality checks Final handover & walkthrough How to Prepare for Your First Meeting with a Designer Bring your floor plan and room dimensions Create a scope document Share your budget range Communicate style preferences and inspirations Interior Design vs Interior Decoration Interior Design: Structural and functional planning including space planning, lighting, and layout. Interior Decoration: Visual styling such as furniture, fabrics, and surface finishes. In simple terms, designers build the bones while decorators dress the body. The 7 Elements of Interior Design Space – Filled and empty areas Line – Horizontal, vertical, and dynamic lines Form – Three-dimensional shapes Light – Natural and artificial lighting Colour – Hue, contrast, and saturation Pattern – Rhythm and repetition Texture – Surface feel of materials The 5 Key Concepts of Interior Design Balance – Symmetrical or asymmetrical equilibrium Harmony – Visual unity Focal Point – A standout design element Rhythm – Visual movement Scale and Proportion – Proper sizing of elements The Golden Rules of Interior Design 60-30-10 colour rule Form follows function Budget-Friendly Design Ideas for Indian Homes Fresh paint or accent walls Indoor plants and creative lighting Repurposed furniture and décor Invest in durable, high-impact pieces Blending Vastu Shastra and Modern Design Orient entrances toward north or east Place kitchens in the southeast Use natural materials and daylight Avoid mirrors facing beds Interior Design Trends in India for 2025 Biophilic design Earthy colour palettes Smart home integration Curved furniture forms Bold patterns and maximalism Flexible home offices Vintage and modern combinations How Livspace Helps You Realize Your Dream Home Curated designs and 3D visualizations Experience across 75,000+ home projects Access to premium materials Structured process for timelines and quality
PropTech Pulse Editorial
7th January 2026
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